Commercial Bank of Ethiopia Launches MasterCard Payment System to Boost Digital Transaction

Commercial Bank of Ethiopia Launches MasterCard Payment System to Boost Digital Transaction In a significant step toward enhancing the country’s digital financial infrastructure, the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) has officially launched a MasterCard payment system in collaboration with the global payments giant, MasterCard. According to the bank, the newly introduced system is expected to play a pivotal role in advancing digital payment services across Ethiopia. It will provide CBE customers with broader access to secure, convenient, and globally recognized electronic payment solutions, including international transactions—an area that has traditionally been limited in the Ethiopian banking landscape. Speaking at the launch event, CBE President Abe Sano emphasized the importance of this partnership in modernizing the bank’s service offerings and aligning them with international standards. He highlighted that the integration of MasterCard’s technology will facilitate seamless transactions for both domestic and international users, ultimately supporting Ethiopia’s transition toward a cashless economy. Mark Elliot, President of MasterCard Africa, echoed this sentiment, noting that the collaboration reflects MasterCard’s ongoing commitment to financial inclusion in Africa. He added that the company is proud to support Ethiopia’s growing demand for modern, secure payment infrastructure. This isn’t the first collaboration between CBE and MasterCard. The two institutions have worked together in the past on various initiatives within the financial sector. However, this new launch marks a milestone in deepening their relationship and expanding CBE’s capabilities in digital banking. The launch event was jointly presided over by Abe Sano and Mark Elliot, symbolizing the strength of this partnership and their shared vision for a digitally empowered financial ecosystem in Ethiopia.

National Bank of Ethiopia Sees Inter-Bank Transactions Hit Birr 338.8B

National Bank of Ethiopia Sees Inter-Bank Transactions Hit Birr 338.8B On March 25, 2025, the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) convened for its second meeting of the year. The meeting, in line with the NBE’s primary objective of maintaining price stability while supporting economic growth, focused on reviewing inflation dynamics, the financial sector, and global economic conditions. Key Developments and Economic Outlook Inflation, a major focus of the MPC, showed signs of improvement. The inflation rate for February 2025 stood at 15%, marking a decrease from the previous period. This positive trend was attributed to tight monetary policies, improved agricultural production, and controlled adjustments in administered prices. Notably, food inflation decreased significantly from 31% a year ago to 14.6%, while non-food inflation also declined to 15.6%. The month-on-month inflation rate of 0.5% in February signals an easing of price pressures. Economic activity, as measured by the Composite Index of Economic Activity (CIEA), remains strong. Indicators from key sectors, including agriculture, industry, and services, point to sustained growth. A favorable rainy season has bolstered agricultural output, while easing foreign exchange constraints have supported industrial activity. The export sector, particularly in coffee and gold, continues to perform well, and services such as air transport and tourism have seen strong performance. Monetary and Banking Sector Developments The MPC also reviewed monetary aggregates, noting a significant increase in broad money and base money growth, which stood at 22.8% and 42.0%, respectively, as of January 2025. This growth reflects a moderate easing of credit policies and recent fiscal and external sector developments. Meanwhile, domestic credit growth remained stable at 19.8%. In terms of interest rates, the MPC noted that short-term market rates have turned positive in real terms. The weighted average yield on 364-day T-bills rose to 17.7% in February 2025, up from 15.9% at the end of 2024. The inter-bank money market also showed growth, with transaction volumes reaching Birr 338.8 billion by the end of February. The banking sector remains stable with low non-performing loans (NPLs) and adequate capital, although some institutions continue to face liquidity challenges. To address these, the NBE has introduced measures like the inter-bank money market and a Standing Lending Facility. Fiscal and External Sector Performance The fiscal stance remains prudent, with zero monetary financing of the deficit for the fiscal year. The external sector also saw improvements, marked by strong export growth, increased remittances, and higher capital inflows following exchange rate reforms in July 2024. These developments contributed to a current account surplus and boosted foreign exchange reserves. Global Economic Conditions Global growth projections for 2025 and 2026 are steady, at 3.3%, according to the IMF. Global inflation is expected to gradually decline, although geopolitical developments and trade uncertainties pose risks to global tariffs and trade flows. On the positive side, global commodity prices have been favorable for Ethiopia, with oil prices declining by 9% and the prices for key exports, including coffee and gold, remaining strong. Monetary Policy Stance Despite the progress in reducing inflation, the MPC acknowledged that inflation remains above the target. As such, the Committee decided to maintain a disinflationary stance in its monetary policy. To avoid any unintended loosening, the management of foreign exchange inflows will require careful attention. The MPC’s recommendations, which the NBE Board approved, include keeping the National Bank Rate (NBR) unchanged at 15%, maintaining the 18% cap on annual credit growth, and leaving existing rates for the Standing Deposit Facility and Standing Lending Facility unchanged. The MPC will continue to monitor inflation trends and broader economic developments, with its next meeting scheduled for the end of June 2025. For more details, refer to the official statement from the National Bank of Ethiopia.

Ethiopia Adjusts Fuel Prices Amid Global Market Pressure and Domestic Budget Realignments

Ethiopia Adjusts Fuel Prices Amid Global Market Pressure and Domestic Budget Realignments Addis Ababa, March 23, 2025 — The Ministry of Trade and Regional Integration has revised fuel prices across the country, effective March 21, 2025 (Megabit 12, 2017 E.C.), citing global oil market volatility and the need to stabilize local fuel supply chains. The adjustments reflect Ethiopia’s continued efforts to reconcile international energy costs with domestic economic priorities as fuel remains one of the country’s largest import expenses. According to the Ministry’s official announcement, the new prices are as follows: Benzene (Petrol): 112.67 ETB/liter Diesel: 107.93 ETB/liter Kerosene: 107.93 ETB/liter Light Black Diesel Oil: 109.22 ETB/liter Heavy Black Diesel Oil: 106.75 ETB/liter Jet Fuel: 109.20 ETB/liter This revision follows the mandate of Proclamation No. 14/2017, Article 12, which allows the government to set and regulate petroleum product prices in line with international market shifts. A Balancing Act: Inflation, Subsidies, and Supply Security The move comes as the government walks a tightrope between inflationary pressures and the rising cost of fuel imports. Global crude oil prices have experienced renewed volatility due to geopolitical tensions, OPEC+ production cuts, and supply chain disruptions, all of which impact Ethiopia’s fuel import bill. Despite fuel subsidies being gradually reduced in recent years, the government continues to cushion consumers from full exposure to international price shocks. However, as foreign exchange reserves tighten and the birr continues to face depreciation pressures, maintaining stable fuel imports has become increasingly challenging. The Ministry emphasized that the price changes are designed to ensure sustainable fuel supply, discourage black market activities, and maintain transparency across the distribution chain. It also noted that public institutions and transport operators must strictly adhere to the updated rates to prevent artificial scarcity and price gouging. Ripple Effects on the Broader Economy Fuel price changes in Ethiopia are likely to have a domino effect on the cost of goods and services, particularly in transportation, agriculture, and manufacturing sectors. Already grappling with food inflation and high logistics costs, consumers may soon feel the pinch unless counterbalancing measures are introduced. Economists suggest that in the short term, this adjustment may increase operating costs for businesses that rely heavily on diesel and petrol. Public transport tariffs, commodity prices, and delivery costs could be impacted unless regulated. Looking Ahead As Ethiopia continues to transition toward a more liberalized economy while managing foreign currency constraints, fuel pricing will remain a sensitive policy lever. Long-term strategies may include accelerating investment in renewable energy, public transport infrastructure, and efficient fuel management systems to reduce dependency on imported fossil fuels. The Ministry reaffirmed its commitment to periodic reviews of fuel prices in accordance with global trends and national economic realities, aiming to protect consumers while ensuring energy security for the nation.

Zemedeneh Nigatu Appointed CEO of Newly Licensed CBE Capital

Zemedeneh Nigatu Appointed CEO of Newly Licensed CBE Capital Zemedeneh Nigatu, a seasoned Ethiopian-American investment advisor, has been appointed the founding Chief Executive Officer of CBE Capital S.C., following the company’s receipt of an investment banking license from the Ethiopian Capital Markets Authority (ECMA) on March 21. The license makes CBE Capital one of the country’s first officially recognized investment banks. The same day also saw Wegagen Capital S.C., a subsidiary of Wegagen Bank, receive a similar license, signaling growing momentum in Ethiopia’s efforts to establish a modern capital market system. CBE Capital is a joint venture majority-owned by the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE), one of the country’s largest state-owned financial institutions, and Dallol Capital, a private investment firm. The firm is expected to offer a range of services including underwriting initial public offerings (IPOs), managing mergers and acquisitions, and trading financial instruments such as stocks and bonds. Future plans include expanding into portfolio management and Islamic finance. Zemedeneh brings decades of experience to the role. He previously served as the Managing Partner for Ernst & Young in East Africa, where he played a key role in advising on large-scale investments across sectors including telecommunications, aviation, and infrastructure. He is also the chairman of Fairfax Africa Fund, a U.S.-based private equity firm that has been active in facilitating investment across the African continent. With Ethiopia’s population exceeding 130 million and its economy undergoing liberalization reforms, the establishment of investment banks is seen as a critical step toward developing a functional capital market. According to projections, Ethiopia’s GDP could reach $1.6 trillion by 2050 if reforms continue and private sector investment increases. Speaking about the launch, Zemedeneh stated that the company aims to help drive financial market development in the country. “We are honored to pioneer investment banking services in Ethiopia,” he said. Abie Sano, Chairman of CBE Capital and President of the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, emphasized the significance of the license. “This achievement represents a significant step forward in Ethiopia’s financial markets transformation and positions CBE Capital to make meaningful contributions to the nation’s economic growth,” he said. With these developments, Ethiopia is poised to enter a new phase in its financial sector, introducing new tools for capital raising and investment, and opening the door to increased private sector participation in the economy.

How Investment Banks Will Unlock New Opportunities for Ethiopian Entrepreneurs

How Investment Banks Will Unlock New Opportunities for Ethiopian Entrepreneurs Ethiopia’s historic decision to allow investment banks in the country is a significant move that has the potential to transform its business landscape and foster economic growth. By opening up the financial sector to investment banks, Ethiopia will create a more robust and diverse financial environment, enabling businesses to access capital more efficiently, enhance corporate governance, and expand their operations. Benefits to Businesses Access to Capital: Investment banks are known for facilitating capital raising through the issuance of stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments. Ethiopian businesses, especially those in industries like manufacturing, technology, and agriculture, will now have a more direct avenue to raise funds for expansion and innovation. Example: In South Africa, Standard Bank Group has played a crucial role in capital raising, such as the Jumia IPO in 2019, where the investment bank helped the e-commerce giant raise funds to expand its operations across Africa. Similarly, Ethiopian businesses can now benefit from such services to go public or issue bonds to finance large-scale projects. Example: In South Africa, Standard Bank Group has played a crucial role in capital raising, such as the Jumia IPO in 2019, where the investment bank helped the e-commerce giant raise funds to expand its operations across Africa. Similarly, Ethiopian businesses can now benefit from such services to go public or issue bonds to finance large-scale projects. Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A): With the entry of investment banks, Ethiopian companies will have the expertise to negotiate and execute mergers, acquisitions, and other strategic partnerships. This will help them grow faster and more efficiently by leveraging the expertise and resources of larger companies. Example: FirstRand Bank, a leading South African bank, was involved in the Woolworths and David Jones acquisition in 2014. This allowed Woolworths to expand into the Australian market. Ethiopian companies, particularly those in emerging sectors like tech and manufacturing, will be able to explore similar M&A opportunities to grow both locally and internationally. Example: FirstRand Bank, a leading South African bank, was involved in the Woolworths and David Jones acquisition in 2014. This allowed Woolworths to expand into the Australian market. Ethiopian companies, particularly those in emerging sectors like tech and manufacturing, will be able to explore similar M&A opportunities to grow both locally and internationally. Advisory Services: Investment banks provide critical advisory services in strategic areas like corporate finance, restructuring, and risk management. Ethiopian businesses will be able to receive tailored advice, which is crucial for navigating global competition and optimizing their operations. Example: Lazard, a renowned global investment bank, advised Procter & Gamble on its $57 billion acquisition of Gillette. Ethiopian companies, especially in industries like manufacturing and telecommunications, can now benefit from similar strategic insights to make informed decisions on scaling up or entering new markets. Example: Lazard, a renowned global investment bank, advised Procter & Gamble on its $57 billion acquisition of Gillette. Ethiopian companies, especially in industries like manufacturing and telecommunications, can now benefit from similar strategic insights to make informed decisions on scaling up or entering new markets. International Expansion: With investment banks facilitating access to international capital markets, Ethiopian companies could expand globally. Investment banks provide the expertise to structure deals and navigate the complexities of cross-border transactions, which is essential for Ethiopian businesses looking to go global. Example: J.P. Morgan played a key role in Uber’s IPO in 2019, helping the company raise $8.1 billion and cement its position in the global market. Ethiopian tech startups and innovators can leverage similar opportunities to expand their reach beyond the country. Example: J.P. Morgan played a key role in Uber’s IPO in 2019, helping the company raise $8.1 billion and cement its position in the global market. Ethiopian tech startups and innovators can leverage similar opportunities to expand their reach beyond the country. Financial Market Development: Investment banks will also contribute to the development of Ethiopia’s capital markets, encouraging more transparency, better financial reporting, and stronger investor confidence. This will help create a more stable and attractive investment environment for both local and international investors. Example: In Nigeria, Stanbic IBTC has been pivotal in developing the Nigerian capital market, helping companies like Dangote Cement raise capital to expand their operations. Ethiopia could see similar improvements, providing a more conducive environment for private equity, venture capital, and foreign direct investment. Example: In Nigeria, Stanbic IBTC has been pivotal in developing the Nigerian capital market, helping companies like Dangote Cement raise capital to expand their operations. Ethiopia could see similar improvements, providing a more conducive environment for private equity, venture capital, and foreign direct investment. Examples from Other African Banks Absa Group, a major South African bank, has been involved in numerous deals that have helped businesses access capital and expand. For instance, Absa played a role in the African Bank debt restructuring (2015), which helped the bank regain stability. Such expertise will be crucial for Ethiopian banks and businesses to navigate financial crises or market disruptions. Barclays Africa (now Absa) has also been involved in advising companies on IPOs and debt offerings, similar to how it supported Zambeef Products in raising capital in Zambia. Ethiopian businesses could also tap into these services to raise funds for growth and expansion. The entry of investment banks into Ethiopia is a transformative development that will significantly benefit the country’s business environment. It will provide companies with new avenues for raising capital, expanding internationally, executing mergers and acquisitions, and receiving expert financial advice. Drawing on the successes of investment banks globally and across Africa, Ethiopian businesses are poised to unlock new growth opportunities, helping them to become more competitive both locally and internationally. This historic move positions Ethiopia as a key player in the evolving African financial landscape, attracting both local and foreign investors to the country’s emerging markets.

Ethiopian Capital Market Authority Licenses Five New Service Providers,

Ethiopian Capital Market Authority Licenses Five New Service Providers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia – The Ethiopian Capital Market Authority (ECMA) marked a major milestone in the country’s financial development by granting licenses to five new capital market service providers (CMSPs) on March 21, 2025. This event increases the number of licensed CMSPs from four to nine, signaling a significant expansion in Ethiopia’s capital markets. The newly licensed entities include: CBE Capital S.C. – Investment Bank Wegagen Capital Investment Bank S.C. – Investment Bank Ethio-Fidelity Securities S.C. – Securities Dealer HST Investment Advisory Services PLC – Securities Investment Advisor Equation Securities Investment Advisor PLC – Securities Investment Advisor The introduction of these five new firms is pivotal to diversifying Ethiopia’s financial markets, with services ranging from investment banking to securities dealing and advisory. This expansion helps lay the groundwork for a more mature and competitive capital market, offering improved capital raising and investment opportunities, both for local and international investors. For the first time, Ethiopia sees the entry of investment banks and securities dealing companies into the market. This move marks a transformative period for the country’s financial sector, which previously only had investment advisers as licensed providers. Notably, CBE Capital S.C. and Wegagen Capital Investment Bank S.C. stand out, as both are owned by major commercial banks – the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) and Wegagen Bank, respectively. These banks were given permission to own up to 100% equity in capital market service providers under the recently issued National Bank of Ethiopia Directive SBB/92/2024, which enhances the integration of banking services within the capital market framework. The new entrants not only strengthen the market’s infrastructure but also reflect the growing influence of women in Ethiopia’s financial industry. Both Wegagen Capital Investment Bank and HST Investment Advisory Services PLC are led by female CEOs, showcasing a positive shift toward greater gender inclusivity. In her address at the licensing ceremony, the Director-General of the Ethiopian Capital Market Authority emphasized the responsibility these new service providers have in maintaining the integrity and growth of the capital market. She underscored that their operations would be critical to fostering investor confidence, increasing market liquidity, and ensuring the success and sustainability of Ethiopia’s financial system. The ECMA remains committed to developing a robust, diversified, and well-regulated market. As Ethiopia’s capital market continues to grow, it is expected to attract more investments, support sustainable economic development, and position the country as an increasingly attractive destination for both local and international investors. This licensing event marks just one step in the larger effort to build a dynamic financial ecosystem capable of supporting Ethiopia’s economic aspirations. With the growing number of licensed CMSPs, the country is laying the foundation for a prosperous financial future.

Ethiopian Airlines and Etihad Airways Forge Landmark Partnership to Boost Connectivity Across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia

Ethiopian Airlines and Etihad Airways Forge Landmark Partnership to Boost Connectivity Across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia Addis Ababa, Ethiopia – March 19, 2025 – Ethiopian Airlines and Etihad Airways have announced a strategic Joint Business Agreement to enhance connectivity between Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. This partnership includes a codeshare arrangement and the introduction of new direct flights between Addis Ababa and Abu Dhabi, facilitating seamless travel for passengers and boosting economic ties between the regions. As part of this expansion, Ethiopian Airlines will launch flights to Abu Dhabi on July 15, while Etihad Airways will commence daily flights to Addis Ababa starting October 1. This move strengthens both airlines’ networks, offering travelers enhanced flexibility and increased flight options. A Look at the Fleet: A Combined Strength in Aviation Ethiopian Airlines’ Fleet: Africa’s Largest Carrier Ethiopian Airlines, the continent’s largest airline, operates a modern and diverse fleet of over 140 aircraft, ensuring efficiency and global connectivity. Its fleet includes: Boeing 787 Dreamliner – A key part of Ethiopian’s long-haul operations, the 787 Dreamliner is known for fuel efficiency and passenger comfort. Airbus A350-900 – Ethiopian was the first African airline to introduce this fuel-efficient, long-haul aircraft. Boeing 777-300ER & 777F – Used for both passenger and cargo operations, ensuring strong global freight capabilities. Boeing 737-800 & 737 MAX – Used for regional and short-haul routes. De Havilland Dash 8 Q400 – A turboprop used for domestic and regional African routes. Ethiopian Airlines continues to expand its fleet, aiming to reach more than 150 aircraft in the coming years as part of its Vision 2035 strategy. Etihad Airways’ Fleet: Luxury and Efficiency in Global Aviation Etihad Airways, the national airline of the United Arab Emirates, operates a fleet of around 80 aircraft, specializing in premium services and long-haul connectivity. Its fleet includes: Boeing 787-9 & 787-10 Dreamliner – Forming the backbone of its long-haul fleet, known for fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. Airbus A350-1000 – A next-generation aircraft focused on passenger comfort and fuel efficiency. Boeing 777-300ER – Used for long-haul premium travel. Airbus A320 & A321 – Serving regional and short-haul destinations. Etihad Airways has been focusing on sustainability, incorporating modern fuel-efficient aircraft to reduce its environmental footprint while maintaining its reputation as a luxury airline. Strategic Benefits and Future Outlook The Ethiopian-Etihad partnership will allow passengers to connect through both airlines’ networks, offering expanded route options across Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and beyond. The codeshare agreement will facilitate smoother transit experiences, frequent flyer benefits, and shared operational efficiencies. This agreement further cements Abu Dhabi and Addis Ababa as key aviation hubs, strengthening their roles in global connectivity and economic development. For more details, visit the official websites of Ethiopian Airlines and Etihad Airways.

Ethiopian Airlines to Launch Direct Flights to Hanoi, Vietnam

Ethiopian Airlines to Launch Direct Flights to Hanoi, Vietnam Ethiopian Airlines has officially announced the launch of four weekly flights to Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam, set to begin on July 10, 2025. This new route is part of the airline’s ongoing expansion strategy to enhance its international network and provide more travel options between Africa and Southeast Asia. Ethiopian Airlines Group CEO, Ato Mesfin Tassew, emphasized the importance of this new route, noting that it marks a significant milestone in the airline’s growth in the Southeast Asian market. “The addition of Hanoi to our network will not only increase our reach in Southeast Asia but also strengthen our relationship with Vietnam and other countries in the region,” Tassew said. This expansion aligns with Ethiopian Airlines’ goal of offering more diverse and accessible flight options for travelers across continents. The new flights will directly connect Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital and Ethiopian Airlines’ hub, with Hanoi, Vietnam’s vibrant political and cultural heart. Passengers will now have a convenient travel option for both business and leisure trips to the region. The route will significantly improve connectivity between Africa and Southeast Asia, providing passengers with easier access to both regions. CEO Ato Mesfin Tassew further explained that the new Hanoi flights would play a crucial role in enhancing bilateral relations between Ethiopia and Vietnam, particularly in terms of trade, tourism, and cultural exchange. “This new service will contribute to strengthening the economic ties between Ethiopia and Vietnam, supporting both business and tourism growth,” Tassew said. The flights will also help improve trade opportunities between Ethiopia and Vietnam, especially as the two countries explore new avenues for cooperation in areas such as agriculture, technology, and education. Additionally, the route will encourage Vietnamese travelers to explore Ethiopia’s rich history, culture, and growing tourist attractions, further boosting Ethiopia’s tourism sector. The direct flights to Hanoi come as part of Ethiopian Airlines’ broader strategy to expand its reach in Southeast Asia, which also includes existing routes to cities like Bangkok, Singapore, and Kuala Lumpur. This continued growth in the region allows Ethiopian Airlines to further cement its position as a leading global airline, connecting Africa to key destinations across Asia, Europe, and beyond. The new Hanoi route is expected to increase Ethiopia’s visibility and presence in the rapidly developing Southeast Asian market, which has been experiencing significant growth in trade, tourism, and investment opportunities. By adding Hanoi to its network, Ethiopian Airlines is positioning itself to tap into these expanding opportunities and contribute to fostering greater international cooperation and connectivity.

Feres Increases Fare by 30 Birr Following Ride’s Price Adjustment

Feres Increases Fare by 30 Birr Following Ride’s Price Adjustment Feres, a major ride-hailing service in Ethiopia, has raised its base fare from 100 birr to 130 birr, implementing a 30 birr price increase effective this week. This adjustment comes months after Ride, another leading ride-hailing platform, increased its base fare to 130 birr, making Feres one of the last major platforms to adopt the new pricing model. Reason for the Fare Increase According to Feres drivers, the fare hike is primarily driven by rising fuel prices, vehicle maintenance costs, and foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Many drivers have been requesting a fare adjustment for months, citing financial difficulties due to increased operational expenses. Industry reports indicate that Feres initially maintained its 100 birr fare even after Ride adjusted its pricing, which resulted in some drivers moving to platforms that had already raised fares. Drivers claim that without the adjustment, their earnings were insufficient to cover increasing fuel prices, spare parts costs, and platform commissions. Impact on Drivers and Riders The fare adjustment applies to all rides booked through the Feres platform. Some drivers have welcomed the change, stating that it helps offset rising expenses, while others note that the delay in adjusting fares caused many drivers to shift to competing services. For passengers, the fare increase means that ride costs across multiple platforms are now standardized, with both Feres and Ride charging 130 birr as a base fare. While some riders acknowledge the rising costs of transportation services, others have raised concerns about affordability, particularly for those who rely on ride-hailing services for daily commuting. Industry Trends The Ethiopian ride-hailing market has seen multiple fare adjustments over the past year as companies respond to economic conditions, inflation, and foreign currency shortages. The latest fare increase by Feres aligns its pricing with competitors and reflects broader market trends affecting the transportation sector. With ongoing economic fluctuations, further adjustments in ride-hailing fares could be subject to fuel price changes, regulatory decisions, and platform strategies.