The Enduring Influence of Haji Mohammed Sani Habib

Haji Mohammed Sani Habib, a revered religious scholar and Imam, was a defining figure in Ethiopia’s Islamic community. In the late 1950s, he gained prominence as the leader of congregational prayers in a rural mosque in Wollo. Born in one of the region’s provinces, he devoted his early years to the study of the Qur’an, Islamic philosophy, and multiple languages. Later, he became an educator, teaching in Dessie, a town in Amhara regional state.

His influence expanded when he moved to Addis Ababa, where he became the first Khatib—a preacher authorized to deliver sermons—at Anwar Mosque, one of the country’s most significant Islamic institutions. His tenure as Khatib cemented his reputation as a guiding voice in the Muslim community.

Haji played a pivotal role in shaping the Ethiopian Islamic Affairs Supreme Council, known as the Majlis, which was established in the wake of the 1974 revolution when Ethiopian Muslims sought formal representation. As one of its founding members, he helped unify the country’s Muslim leadership. He later led the Majlis as its president for over a decade, from its formation in 1975 until his passing in 1989.

Beyond his leadership, Haji was a prolific writer on Islamic teachings. Among his works, The 122 Steps of Hajj and Umrah Journey to Mecca remains widely referenced. His religious letters, many of which addressed the principles and practices of faith, continue to be studied by scholars.

Today, his legacy endures at the Bilalul Habeshi Museum, located in Addis Ababa’s Mekanisa neighborhood. The museum, dedicated to preserving Islamic history, houses several of his personal belongings, including his walking stick, pocket watch, and handwritten religious letters. One of the most cherished artifacts is a letter commemorating the first Eid al-Fitr celebration at Anwar Mosque.

Over the years, the museum has evolved into a cultural and intellectual hub, attracting dignitaries, foreign diplomats, scholars, students, and researchers. Recently, a major renovation has expanded its exhibits, making it more accessible to visitors.

“The refurbishment aimed to enhance the experience for visitors and enrich the museum’s collection,” said Adem Mohammed, the museum’s chief administrator. “We’ve also added new manuscripts and historical artifacts to provide a deeper insight into Ethiopia’s Islamic heritage.”

The renovation introduced additional displays, including a collection of handmade traditional clothing, showcasing garments worn by Ethiopian Muslims in both everyday life and festive ceremonies. According to Adem, the four-month refurbishment process also saw the addition of Haji Mohammed’s personal items, further solidifying his presence within the museum’s narrative. He noted that the museum’s traditional clothing collection was sourced from various regions across the country. Alongside the manuscripts, visitors can explore historical tools, photographs of prominent Islamic figures, and religious texts written on parchment by esteemed scholars.

Two weeks ago, the Bilalul Habeshi Museum reopened its doors, unveiling a broader array of cultural and historical artifacts. Named after Bilal ibn Rabah—the first African to embrace Islam—the museum continues to highlight Ethiopia’s deep-rooted Islamic heritage.

One of its most prized exhibits is a rare letter attributed to Prophet Muhammad, addressed to King Nejashi, the ruler of Abyssinia (ancient Ethiopia). The museum also boasts historical records documenting the spread of Islam in Ethiopia.

The museum’s four exhibition halls provide an immersive experience, with newly installed displays enriching its visual appeal. At the entrance, two mannequins dressed in garments worn by pilgrims on Hajj and Umrah stand as a tribute to the spiritual devotion of Ethiopian Muslims.

Inside, visitors encounter an array of Shemma garments, traditionally worn by Muslim men and women, displayed side by side. The collection also includes robes and gowns once worn by prominent Imams, including the distinguished scholar Hajji Omar Idris Mufti. Alongside these, various artifacts illustrate the country’s rich Islamic traditions, offering a glimpse into a centuries-old heritage that remains woven into the nation’s fabric.

The Museum’s latest exhibit highlights the rich diversity of Islamic attire across Ethiopia. The display spans regions from Benishangul-Gumuz to northern Tigray, from Wollo’s signature Shemma garments to the distinct dress styles of the Harari people in the east. It also includes the vibrant, woven Shemma worn by women in Gondar and the traditional attire of Somali men. The exhibit further illustrates the many ways Muslim men and women fold their garments into head coverings, a practice deeply embedded in regional customs.

Adem says that the traditional clothing worn by Muslim men in Benishangul is made from Abujedi fabric, a material known for its durability and craftsmanship. He pointed out the striking similarity between the way Benishangul Muslims fold their hats and the styles commonly seen in neighboring Sudan. “Since the Benishangul region shares a border with Sudan, their scarves and hats are worn in a very similar fashion,” he said, adding that most of the traditional garments showcased in the museum are made from Shemma.

Jewelry, too, plays a central role in the adornment of Muslim communities across the country. Women from Harari, Afar, Wollo, Tigray, and Somali regions traditionally wear intricate headpieces, Musbaha (prayer beads) around their necks, and Allbos, bracelets worn on the wrists. The exhibit also highlights the symbolic importance of the Gile, a dagger carried by men from Somali, Harari, and Afar communities. However, Adem noted that only a portion of the museum’s extensive collection of jewelry and attire is currently on display.

“Ethiopia has a vast array of traditional garments worn by different ethnic groups,” he said. “For this exhibit, we have selected pieces that represent both cultural and religious attire, including the garments historically worn by early Muslim scholars. Many of these are crafted from Shemma and Abujedi fabrics.”

Founded in 2018 by the Bilal Association, the Bilalul Habeshi Museum is named after Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi, an Ethiopian who became Islam’s first muezzin (caller to prayer). Beyond its role in preserving history, the museum actively engages in community initiatives that reflect the values of compassion and solidarity.

One of its most impactful programs supports orphaned and underprivileged children. As part of these efforts, the Association operates schools that provide education at minimal fees, offering scholarships to students in need. Today, more than 1,800 students receive support, with guidance extending from primary education to higher learning.